Systematic Theology free essay sample

An inclusive form referring to the human species, men and women. A impressive word, covering both male and female * Bible distinguishes between men and women in certain specific gender terms * Gender sensitivity uses:humanity, human beings, humankind, or persons. The Hebrew word for Adam is man * God did not choose to call the human race woman but man. Does it have any significance in male female relationship? Will discuss below . How did man originate? Varieties of views A. Atheistic Evolution : Theorizes the origin of matter and life apart from God. Several billion years ago chemicals in the sea, acted on by sunlight and cosmic energy, formed themselves by hence into one or more single-celled organisms, which have since developed through beneficial mutations and natural selection into all living plants, animals, and people (Eerie, 199:195) Principles of Evolution 1) Planets and the earth resulted from a big bang explosion of compressed, rotating protons and neutrons. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Theology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This continues to expand away from the original nucleus at fantastic speed (Eerie,198) 2) Lamarckian (1809), a French naturalist,. All vegetables, animals and man developed from certain original simple germ on earth (Hodge Volvo ii, 11). Lamarckian admitted God having created matter with its properties does nothing ore. Darwin built on Lamarckism theory in his Origin of Species.. 3) All other living organisms have developed from that first and subsequent simpler forms of life, 4) Mutations constitute the explanation for evolution: Mutations are sudden, small changes in the DNA code of genes, which are passed on to the offspring, causing them to differ from their parents 5) Natural selection is the system that preserves the changes caused by mutations. Evolution Based on supposition; survival of the fittest; cannot account for the arrival of the first, the ingot of matter and life Mutations are rare and always harmful. Only one in one million fruit fly will develop a mutation. 2. No mutations have produced new species or even new organ or system an existing species 1 . The whale, the bird, the mosquito, man all derived from slow process of selection countless million of years?. . Life cannot form by chance: the probability of forming one protein molecule by chance is one in 10 243 Figure of 1 followed by 243 zeros. Bases of atheistic evolution: science and faith. Natural selection does not guarantee improvement B. Theistic Evolution. The Theory: God directed and controlled the process of naturalistic evolution throughout the million of years to create the world and all that is in it. The bases of theistic evolution: science and the Bible. The scriptures teach that: God is the life-source, the originator and maintainer of all forms of life, and the one who created all to reproduce after their kind. (Conner, 123). 1. God created man in his image from the dust of the earth and gave his own breath of life to man (Gene 1: 27; 2:7; Image refers to likeness, I. E. Mental; moral; social. Only humans are Gods image-bearers; not animals or plants

Mothers, Children and Maternal Depression essays

Mothers, Children and Maternal Depression essays Is there a direct relationship between childrens developmental stages and maternal depression? Research suggests that childrens development can be adversely affected by maternal depression. A depressed person has more negative cognitions than that of non-depressed counterparts. Depressed adults have also been found to demonstrate negative self-perceptions in their cognition, including negative internal, stable, and global attributions of events, and greater memory of, negative stimuli. In addition, depressed adults show high levels of self-punishment and low levels of self-reinforcement and self-efficacy. Children of depressed mothers can be born with dysfunctional neural-regulatory mechanisms, brought on by abnormal fetal development caused internally by the mothers depression during pregnancy. Such abnormal developments are thought to be due the fetus exposure to neuroendocrine alterations, which are associated with depression, that may cause constricted blood flow to the fetus. So me abnormal fetal developments manifested at birth include tendencies to respond in a particular style or assume certain behavioral traits. Research suggests that we must examine certain aspects of the fetal environment that may correlate with depression in pregnant women. In particular, two factors may be possible mechanisms of this abnormal development: reduced blood flow to the fetus and poor health behaviors on the part of the mother. The first factor is reduced blood flow to the fetus. Studies show that in the third trimester of pregnancy, a maternal trait of anxiety is associated with impaired uterine blood flow. This decreased blood flow is associated with lower birth weights, and less fetal movement during pregnancy. Depression acts as a stressor, and maternal stress is related to increased fetal heart rate during pregnancy and low attention orientation and arousal for newborns. We are able to see that maternal depression d...

Reflection & Reaction Activity 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection & Reaction Activity 1 - Essay Example It is also true according to chapter three that women are getting more empowered. Many of them are going to white collar jobs other than taking care of the family and doing house chore duties as the case is initially. The most catching trend for me has many women take up careers and thus have minimal time to spend with the family as is the case initially especially in the 1970’s. As a result, these women are deemed to be breadwinners for their families and require support in handling house-chore duties and taking care of the children (YouTube, 2015). Their husbands have to offer a helping hand whereas others need an external third party to take up such duties. The attitude is also shifting to accommodate such women in the society and significantly implying that they are also good mothers and their relationship with their children is less the same as that enjoyed by a non-career woman. There are diverse factors leading to changes roles especially in America. First, there is a lot of empowerment for the girl child thus giving them an opportunity to be in a competitive position. The government has also provided a lot of grants in the form of loans to support such activities (Madichie, 2013). The following has resulted in many women being convinced that they can contribute to the income of their families something they have done well. For instance, as at 2008, 45% of the income the family received was from the women. Further, the workforce has reduced as stipulated in the companies and many institutions requiring gender balance. When comparing 2001 and 1997, there has been a greater revolution of the workforce according to a study that took place across the nation. Also, there has been a reduction in the amount earned by the man thus as at 2008, the gap between the spouses hit ten percent among individual couples. That

Pluralists Democracies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pluralists Democracies - Essay Example The prime minister is also known for his advocacy to "more" democracy evidenced by his move in providing more voting rights to the citizens through referendums. Including the public in national decision making an essential component of democracy yet I am quite confused on the Supplementary Voting system which he advocates. I believe that election can be made more efficient if the United States example could be followed. The electoral college system which chooses electors who are pledged to vote for a given candidate. For a huge country like the United Kingdom, this can work more efficiently since people are more acquainted with the lower level officials than the president candidates. Also, absolute democracy where all people for president is not quite feasible especially in the presence of interest groups which only have a small population. Electoral college system of election can guarantee towards a more pluralist democratic nation The result of the Program for International Student Assessment which gave a very low rating for German students in math, reading, writing, and science was a shock for the government which always prides itself in providing good education (German Youth 2006). However, looking at the situation of the country where educational attainment is tied to its social system this should not come as a surprise. Having been born and raised in the United States, I am quite shocked to know that this type of educational system exists. I believe that every citizen regardless of the economic status of his parents should have the right to be educated in the same manner as his peers. In order to solve this problem in Germany, I believe that education should be made a public good like roads and bridges. The government should allocate enough budget to fund its educational infrastructure and necessities. The government should be fully responsible for the provision of books, teachers, and computers to schools especially in the primary level. Another solution which can be proposed is the creation of a scholarship trust fund which will subsidize the allowance of students who cannot afford them. The government could also launched a stratified system where the poorest's educational expenses are fully subsidized. Climbing up, as income increases he subsidy becomes smaller. References Jones, B. et. al. 2004, Politics UK. United Kingdom: Longman German Youth Betrayed by Education System 2006, Retrieved 25 June 2008, from

THE COTSWOLDS AREA OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY Essay

THE COTSWOLDS AREA OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY - Essay Example ple and Hall (1992) opines that the heritage based tourism aims at letting the tourists experience the past traditional, social and religious aspects of a destination. In order to give tourists an unforgettable experience in heritage tourism, the management of a tourist destination selected must be perfect. One area that can be used to perfect the management of destinations is through an audit of the destination. An audit of the destination will involve an intensive examination of the destinations available tourism resources (Cooper, 2003). These resources include the amenities, major attractions, activities and other internal aspects of the destination with respect to the targeted market. It also includes the external factors such as threats emerging from competition and economic environment (Woodside 2008). This paper uses the case of Cotswolds Area of Outstanding National Beauty to perform a tourist destination audit. First, an overview of the destination is given. It then proceeds to analyse the internal and internal factors that affect the performance of the destination with recommendations of appropriate actions in the end. The Cotswold area is the largest heritage based destinations of tourism in England and Wales. The geographical area covers an expansive region with different tourist attractions. These include heritage cities, serene and attractive country side, cultural cuisines, and local limestone along with heritage events. Because of its expansive nature, the Cotswold area of outstanding natural beauty has a complex destination management organization. A destination management organization is the hierarchy of groups of persons and bodies that are in charge running tourism affairs in a given tourist destination (Wang & Pizam 2011). Their main task is to constantly examine and improve tourism attraction features and strategically position the destination in the tourism market (Klimerk 2013, p. 1). This study also indicates that the destination

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Introduction Work life balance has become the hot issue around the world. In the United Kingdom, a high level of support has been given to work life balance. Employers think people can only give best performance when they can strike a balance of work and life. In the United States, more importance has been given to work life balance, it has accounted for more than two-thirds of work characteristics that has been rated by surveyed companies which they think to be absolutely essential to attract and retain the talent. (Michaels, Handfield- Jones Axelrod, 2001) In Hong Kong, a survey is conducted on work life balance has indicated that more than 80% of employees being interviewed and they have considered work life balance as important to them and only less then 50% of them said that they were able to achieve it. Literature Review Over the past decades, balance between work and other factors of life has been made much difficult which happened due to changes in technology, demographic workforce and business environment. It is now become a challenge for modern employees to achieve work life balance without jeopardizing their well being and satisfaction with other aspect of the lives and overall quality of life. Technological advancements, like mobile phones, internet, have enabled people to conduct work anywhere and at anytime, whether they are on holidays or flying on planes. Furthermore the use of computers has changed their lives as people are taking their work to home. Long working hours now becomes a norm in many countries worldwide. Which have indirectly increased the workload, long hours culture and job insecurity? Over the past decades, the employment of women has increased substantially. In some developed economies, women are occupied half or more of workforce (International Labor Office 2007). In 2005, about 88 million women whose ages lie between 20 to 64 were employed in the United States, which was the 50.8% of the total workforce (US Census Bureau, 2005) and 70.9% of the women were participated in labor force in 2005. Work Life Balance Work life balance was first used in the late 1970 that actually describes that the individual has a personal life too. Work and life balance is important and it should be manage in way that increases satisfaction. Individuals personal life in which family, friends, love, play etc comes. Work life balance is about people manage the difference between work and life. How they manage work and life. Work life balance is important only in the framework of what company does for the individual worker. The work life balance however is a two pronged approach, it is achievement with enjoyment. If the employee is giving his best input to the organization but not really enjoying the same then happiness then satisfaction can not be achieved. Work life balance does not mean only balancing the profession and family, it means balancing the mental and status quo and balancing the emotional intelligence. Organizations facilitate their employees via implementing work life balance and training. There is a life at home and at work and life having space for leisure time. If the employee work life is imbalance then it effect comes on productivity means productivity is declining and efficiency level is also decreasing, the imbalance work life has a negative impact in professional and personal life. Imbalance work life results in absenteeism, turnover, less committed to organization. Employee retention is seriously important for organizations. Now organizations are focusing on grooming their employees and treating them as human capital of the organization. Thats why companies most of the companies are implementing work life balance by facilitating part time work, work at home, attend meeting via video conferencing, can do job sharing. Work life and personal life are two sides of the same coin. According to various work life balance surveys, more then 60% respondents said they are not able to find the balance between them. They have to make difficult decision between work and personal life. But now it is close to equilibrium. Traditionally managing a balance between life and work was considered to be a womans issue but increasing work pressure, technological changes and globalization have made this issue for male and female, all professionals working across all countries. Achieving a balance work life is not simple as it seen. Personal life and work life both are inter-connected and interdependent and doing long hours job, dealing with clients, deadlines in jobs can interfere and affect the personal life of an individual and sometimes it becomes difficult to maintain the relationship. On the other side, personal life can also be demanding such as kids, wife, parents and relatives, giving them time is very important. If not managing then it leads to absenteeism form work, stress level increases and concentration on work diminishes. The work life balance conflict occurs when burden, obligations and responsibilities and family roles becomes incompatible. Need and Benefits of Work Life Balance Today the deadlines of work are getting tighter and its really much difficult for an individual to achieve it. Due to these deadlines it becomes difficult to maintain a family life. It is difficult to have engagement of min with the engagement of body. In every individuals life there are four stakeholders- his or her personality, family, job and the society. It is very important for an individual person to give equal importance to all stakeholders (personality, family, job and society) and then an individual can term as successful person. When a life is imbalance then happiness, peace and harmony of life vanishes and it has a negative impact on work life too. So it is very important to avoid imbalance of life. The transition of work life imbalance and work life balance has negative and positive impact on organizations success. On an individual level work life balance bring phenomenal changes in his life and also have impact on society. A balance work life results in good health, stress level decline due to health levels and can derive more value form work and life and which leads to satisfaction and self actualization. At the organizational level, balance work life enables productivity and efficiency and employees becomes more creative and derive more satisfaction. Employee better communicate and do better teamwork in a working environment. Work life balance leads to fully enjoying the work and which increases passion for it, which results in employees commitment level increases and thus develops a strong value system. Advantages of Work Life Balance Many organizations such as IBM, Merrill Lynch, Pfizer and Accenture have introduced work life programme within their companies to help their employees to achieve effective balance between the work and personal life because they believe that it makes good business sense to provide such programmes to their employees due to financial and non-financial benefits that can be reaped. Policies and practices of work life balance are good for business; there are many benefits for the business who have implemented it. The one of the most important advantage of work life balance is that employee feel satisfaction because of managing the work and life. Organizations implement work life balance in order to attract or retain talented employees. This work life balance was implemented by organizations to decrease the labor turnover in the organizations. It increases the productivity in the organizations because of the work life balance. When people are satisfied with their life as well as work means they have kept the balance between work and personal life, which results in less absenteeism in the organization. It increases the overall profit in the organization because of balance between work and personal life. Organizations implemented work life balance then it increases overall profit in any organization as employees are working hard to increase productivity. Employees are loyal where organizations have implemented work life balance. An overall more enjoyable workplace as all employees are achieving and enjoying. Employees give best input to organization as they are happy with their life and work balance. Work life balance initiates an individual to give his best input to organization and work hard to achieve organizational goals and provides innovative ideas and thus organization rapidly grow in the direction of success. When an individual has work life balance then he or she can better know how to spend the time. Employees less miss the time as they have well manage the work and personal life. Depression is a condition of mental disturbance and when employees work life is balance and he or she can perfectly manages everything. Individual have other things to do in life then work which is as playing, giving time to family means spending time with the family, meeting with friends etc. So work life balance is very important in individuals life. There are many responsibilities of an individual such responsibility parents, wife, children and as well as of society so work life balance is very important in respect to managing these multiple responsibilities at a time. Companies who have implemented work life balance programme, they have reduces the health cost as employee have to work less and thats the reason they have good health. According to the Corporate Executive Boards Research, effective work life balance encourages workers to work harder and discourage them for leaving the job. The worker can easily meet the need of family, personal obligations and the life responsibility. Employees are more committed to organizations who have implemented it. Employer can recruit outstanding or talented employees in the company. Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan The Unilever Pakistan Limited The Unilever Pakistan Limited, formerly Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited was established in 1948. Unilever Pakistan is one of the largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in the Pakistan and has a multinational operational network. The Unilever Pakistan Limited has implemented work life balance to facilitate their employees to enjoy and improve productivity in the organization. Unilever, Pakistan has given employees the chance to work flexibly through different schemes which is as part time job, work at home and job sharing. They have change the way they work in past. But now they avoid travelling to meetings which cost money and it also impacts the environment and takes the people far away from home. Thats why they have introduced effective ways to communicate through new generation video conferencing, virtual meetings, videophones and online collaboration environments. In the result of work life balance implementation in Unilever, Pakistan; employees are more committed, highly satisfied and loyal to the company and have less turnover. Procter Gamble, Pakistan Procter Gamble, Pakistan was established in 1991 and is global consumer goods company which is locally operating in a Pakistan that provides premium quality product for their consumers. Procter and Gamble has implemented work life balance. According to their view, they believe that work life balance is as important as the performance. They have fitness clubs, days-off to work from home programmes. They are giving special consideration to working mothers. In results of implementing the work life in Procter Gamble employees are more productive which translates to success. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is owned by the Telenor Group and is an international provider of voice, data, and content and mobile communication service. Telenor has implemented work life balance which they believe is critical to their business success. They have provided in-office facilities to their employees such as gyms, game rooms and cafes to get relax at work and enjoy these facilities. The other organizations who have implemented work life balance in Pakistan are; BankIslami Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil, Netsol Pakistan, National Bank of Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, Nestlà © Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Daewoo Pakistan, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Steel Mills, Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Gourmet Foods (Pakistan), State Life Insurance Corporation Of Pakistan, PEPCO Pakistan, Qubee (Augere Pakistan), Citibank Pakistan, United Energy Pakistan Limited, OCS Pakistan, Tetra Pak Pakistan, Mobilink Pakistan, PepsiCo, Chartis Insurance Company, Pakistan Water and Power Supply Authority, Roche Pakistan Limited, Publicis Pakistan, Engro Foods, The Coca-Cola Company, World call Telecom, Nokia, Xavor Conclusion Work life balance remains an important issue that requires considerable attention from organizations. Nowadays many organizations operates 24/7 schedule and technological advancement has made it easy to connect all the time. Employers have found out that burnt-out employees are nearly useless while satisfied employees are the key to organizations success in future. To this ends, many organization has implemented work life balance programs to facilitate employees in handling conflicts that may arise between work and life. The work life balance programs incorporated at organizations providing the flexibility and support that help employees manage the complexities of modern life. Outcomes of imperfect Work life balance Stress The number of employees suffering from many ailments including hypertension, heart attack, diabetes has grown in recent years, which worst effected by long working hours and stressful working hours. Relational Problems If the employees spend more time in the workplace rather then spending time with the parents, spouses, children and family, can disturb the relationship as there is no longer time to give for these relations. Unethical Practices To handle the stress in the organizations as well as in the home, employees tend to adopt unethical practices such as smoking, drugs, improper relations etc.

The Beginnings of a National Literary Tradition Essay -- Canadian Hist

The Beginnings of a National Literary Tradition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canadians throughout their history have been concerned over the status of their national literature. One of the major problems facing early Canadian writers was that the language and poetic conventions that they had inherited from the Old World were inadequate for the new scenery and conditions in which they now found themselves. Writers such as Susanna Moodie, Samuel Hearne, and Oliver Goldsmith were what I would consider "Immigrant" authors. Even though they were writing in Canada about Canada their style and their audiences were primarily England and Europe. These authors wrote from an Old World perspective and therefore were not truly Canadian authors. It took a group of homespun young writers in the later part of the 19thCentury to begin to build a genuine "discipline" of Canadian literary thought. This group, affectionately known as ‘ The Confederation Poets', consisted of four main authors: Charles G.D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, Duncan Campbell Scott, and Archibald Lampman. The Poets ofConfederation "established what can legitimately be called the first distinct "school" of Canadian poetry"(17, Keith). The term ‘The Poets of Confederation' is a misnomer since not one of these poets/authors was more than ten years old when the Dominion of Canada was formed in 1867. However, all of these writers were aware of the lack of a distinctive Canadian literary tradition and they made efforts to create one for their successors. While each of these men had their own distinctive writing style they all sought to contribute and create a ‘ national' literature. According to R.E.Rashley in Poetry in Canada: The First Three Steps " there is no Canadian poetry before [The Confederation Poets] time"(98). These men were the first in a long line of authors and artists to conceive of the need for a discernible national literature. The Confederation Poets function was to "explore the new knowledge that they had acquired of themselves that had been created by the interaction of environment and people and the concept of evolutionary growth"(Rashley 98). Archibald Lampman was a key note in the beginnings of a national literary movement. Before Lampman and the other Confederation poets there seemed to be a mere repetition of European ideas in literature in Canada. Even though Lampman was influence... ...oet of Nature. Montreal: Louis Carrier and Co., 1929. Crawford, A.W. "Archibald Lampman". Critical Views on Canadian Writers:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archibald Lampman. Ed. Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1970. Early, L.R. "Archibald Lampman (1861-1899)". Canadian Writers and their Works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vol.II. Eds. Lecker, David, & Quigley. Ontario: ECW Press, 1983. Guthrie, Norman Gregor. The Poetry Of Archibald Lampman. Toronto: The Musson Book Co., 1927. Keith, W.J. "Archibald Lampman". Profiles in Canadian Literature Vol.I. Ed. Jeffrey M. Heath. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1980. Lampman, Archibald. The Poems of Archibald Lampman. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1974. Marshall, John. "Archibald Lampman". Critical Views on Canadian Writers:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archibald Lampman. Ed. Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1970. Rashley, R.E. Poetry in Canada: The First Three Steps. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1958. Stouck, David. Major Canadian Authors: A Critical Introduction. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Stringer, Arthur. "A Glance at Lampman". Critical Views on Canadian Writers:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archibald Lampman. Ed. Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1970.

French Revolution of 1789 Was a Major Cause of the Haitian Revolution of 1791

The French Revolution of 1789 led to the development and insertion of new political forces such as democracy and nationalism which was inspired by the Enlightenment of the mid-eighteenth century. It questioned the authority of the King, priests, nobles and religion on a whole; namely Catholicism. The revolution gave new meaning to the political ideas of the people. France’s involvement in the American Revolution had left the country in a massive financial crisis.Debt, inflation a lack of food and King Louis XVI lavish spending and heavy taxation on the Commons of society served to anger the people and so they demanded a new system of government. The Old Regime and Social Stratification in France Under the system of the Old Regime the King was seen in society as being the absolute monarch whose rule was ordained my God. The King had centralized power in the Royal Bureaucracy. In unison the King and the bureaucracy preserved royal authority and maintained a system of social stra tification stipulated by the Old Regime.The society in France was legally stratified by birth, divided into three Estates. The First Estate consisting of the clergy, the Second Estate; the nobility and the Third Estate the Commons which consisted of the bourgeoisie, city workers and peasants. The First Estate, the clergy which was also made up of members from the nobility enjoyed various privileges which were unavailable to those below their station in society. They paid no taxes and to support activities of the church collected tithes or taxes on income. The Second Estate, the nobility hardly paid taxes despite their great wealth.Their source of income came from rents and dues collected from the use of their farms and estates. The Third Estate resented the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility. They were forced to pay taxes, tithes to the church and rent and dues to landlords for the land they occupied. This served to cause an upset in the society as it prevented the common s from entering into upward social mobility which was primarily based on the order in which one was born. Due to these occurrences the Commons wanted to have some form of equality in the French society. Thus they were in constant negotiation with the Crown for better and more privileges.The Estates-General (1789) As a result of King Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting on Estates-General on May 5, 1789 at Versailles. This was the place where representatives from each social Estate could be represented and their grievances voiced. Social tension plaguing the Old Regime was the central grievance of those representing the Third Estate. Because the First and Second Estates were primarily made up of citizens of the nobility they were allowed to override the Third Estates as they contained two out of the three votes available. As a result the Third Estate was left voiceless.The Third Estate offered a vision that privilege in society was to be determined by usefulness rather than birth. Writers of the Enlightenment; Voltaire, Montesquies and Rousseau served to be an encouraging factor to those seeking equality in society as they viewed these privileges enjoyed by the nobility as being rooted in tradition. As a result the Third Estate invited the other estates to join a new legislature. They eventually renamed themselves the National Assembly which was based on the people rather than Estates. By doing this they revealed their intention of becoming the official legislative body of France.In the summer of 1789the National Constituent Assembly declared itself the full authority of the nation. This led to the abolition of feudalism and the system of privileges under the Old Regime. Figure 1. The Estates-General inFrance The Role of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment of the mid-eighteenth century was a philosophical movement that proposed that talent replaced birth as the main determinant of ones social standing. They believed that methods applied to studying the natura l science could be used to correct the problems of society. Advocates of this movement concerned themselves with ‘reason’ and ‘liberty’.The Enlightenment caused people to consider the view that knowledge could only be acquired through careful study and ones reasoning abilities. In order for this to be achieved religious ideology and traditional beliefs had to be forsaken. Thus they encouraged the concept of liberty which they defined as being freedom from religion, press and unreasonable government. These ideas not only inspired the Commons in France but also the politicians and Heads of State. This was what eventually inspired French revolutionaries to construct a declaration that would serve to mold a society based on reason rather than tradition.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) This Declaration insisted on the freedom and equality of man and gave birth to the revolutionary triad; ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ . Pu t in place by the National Constituent Assembly; was encouraged by the philosophical and political ideas of the Enlightenment. The declaration puts in place the ideology of Natural rather than religious doctrine and authority. The rights of man were to be secured and recognized by a government of elected representatives. This therefore meant an ending to privilege and feudalism; and equality in France.Clergy, nobles, judges and even ordinary tax payers lost whatever special standing they once had. Each person was now seen as being ‘identical’ before the law. Figure 2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Ciizen Saint Domingue prior to French Revolution The society in St. Domingue was a replica of the society in France plagued by the Old Regime of social stratification in France. This was introduced to the colony as the Royalist/Metropolitan Whites brought with them to the colony the traditions held by the Old Regime. Conflict between each social group was based on r ace and the acquisition of capital.Tensions between the Whites, Mulattoes and Blacks and more specifically within the white society; tension between the Royalists, Grand and Petite Blancs was plaguing the society in St. Domingue. This segregation within the colony can later be credited as one of the contributing factors of the revolution in 1791, as the French Revolution of 1789 left each group seeking equal rights and privileges within society Social Stratification in St. Domingue The Metropolitan Whites/ Royalists: These were whites who came directly from France to St.Domingue as members of the bureaucracy whose purpose was to see to the Governance of the colony. They enjoyed the commercial privileges of the French bourgeoisie and brought with them to the colony the traditions held by the Old Regime in France of absolutism of the monarchy and the ideology of feudalism. At the head of the bureaucracy was the Governor and Intendant. The King’s representative in the colony was the Governor who was a soldier and aristocrat. His duty in the colony was that of granting concession, being an agent for European merchandise in the colony and colonial merchandise in Europe.The Intendant in the colony had judicial responsibilities as well as seeing to the finance and general administration of the colony. The Metropolitans had extensive privileges and power in the colony that could not be enjoyed by whites below their station. The Grand Blancs: These were wealthy plantation owners, top civil and military officers of St. Domingue. Some of whom had aristocratic origins in France while others were known Creoles. Their ambition in the colony was to regain enough wealth to return to France despite the fact that they were the most prominent of social groups within the society.The Petite Blancs: These were the poor whites of St. Domingue; primarily shop keepers, book keepers and merchants. They were seen by other superior whites as being unproductive within the society, performing no important role within the economy of the colony. It was often thought that the Mulattoes and Blacks could carry out the tasks performed by Petite Blancs if they were to be deported. They were also excluded from privileges enjoyed by the Grand Blancs, however, because they were white it was easier for them to fit into the society. The Mulattoes/Affranchis: These were the children of white planters and slaves.They were exceptionally numerous within the society with the fate of their freedom resting in the hands of their white fathers. By the mid-eighteenth century their economic advances had began to overshadow members of the white society. A number of them participated in the purchase of land and slaves, they ran their own plantations and some were allowed the privilege of being educated in France. It is argued by historians David Barry Gasper and David Patrick Geggus, that the affranchise owned one third of the colony’s plantations, one quarter of the slaves and one quarter of the real estate property.Slaves: The treatment of black slaves in St. Domingue was the worst endured by slaves of the West Indies. Planters had been making immense profits in the colony to the detriment of the slaves. They were worked excessively hard, harshly punished and poorly fed. Because of this every five years the slave population of St. Domingue had to be replenished as the colony held the highest death rate of blacks within the region. Racial Tension and Discrimination in St. Domingue Prior to 1791 The Metropolitan Whites/Royalists looked upon the Grand Blancs with arrogance and disdain despite their wealth and status in society.They too however, were also resented by the Grand Blancs as they thought the Royalists to be wasteful and extravagant. They also hated the fact that they could not hold civil service positions held by the Metropolitans which meant that they had no power over the running of the colony. Similarly the most notable tension between whites can be found between the Grand and Petite Blancs. Although they were of the same colour, the Grand Blancs resented the Petite Blancs as they thought them unproductive to the economy of the colony. Due to their status in society the Petite Blancs were not able to partake in privileges enjoyed by the Grand Blancs.Voting, for example within the colony was based on the amount of property one possessed, thus the Petite Blance were exclude from the administration due to lack of land. The economic advances of the Affranchise within St. Domingue was viewed by whites as being a dangerous trend that could eventually undermine the superiority of the white plantocracy. Thus it became increasingly important to both Colonial Whites and Royalists to enforce white superiority in St. Domingue by legislating against Mulatto equality with whites by repressing their political ambitions and placing them in degrading positions n society despite their wealth and education. This was done to ensure that th e Affranchise remembered their slave origins which made it impossible for them to be equal to whites. The Mulattoes were hated by the Blacks as they showed resentment for their genealogical ties to blacks and slavery. They tried very hard to imitate the lives of the whites and saw to drown out all traces of their origin. Thus the slaves hated them as well as the whites. Due to this the slaves were feared by both the Whites and the Mulattoes as they were vastly outnumbered. Impact of the French Revolution on St.Domingue The events of the revolution in St. Domingue can be credited to the influence of the French Revolution in 1789 as it was the factor which inspired the events in St. Domingue. All social classes in the colony were greatly affected by the French Revolution as the Grand and Petite Blancs, the Affranchise and the Slaves saw the events taking place in France as an opportunity to seize liberty and equality. The Grand Blancs saw the opportunity to secure independence in the colony from the restrictions of the Mother country retarding their economic growth.Thus liberty to the plantocracy meant the removal of Metropolitan controls over the affairs of the colony. For the Petite Blancs, the impact of the ideologies of the French Revolution meant social equality with the Grand Blancs and liberty meant ‘active citizenship’ allowing them to vote freely without the acquisition of land standing in their way. For the Mulattoes in St. Domingue they thought that the revolution in France gave them the opportunity to demand civil and political rights which were denied to them because of their black origin.For the slaves equality and liberty reinforced their aspirations for personal freedom. The Revolt of the Grand Blancs The white planters in St. Domingue had began demanding political representation. The calling of the Estates-General in France in 1789 left them determined to get their interests and grievances voiced in France. Because of this the Grand Blancs supported the revolution taking place in France as for them it meant liberty from the shackles of the Mother country. For them the revolution meant freedom of trade and political control of St.Domingue at the expense of the Petite Blancs, Mulattoes and slaves. However without authority from the National Assembly, the Grand Blancs called elections in St. Domingue for a General Assembly in 1790. As a result the Petite Blancs were excluded from participating in the Assembly due to the lack of land they obtained; the Mulattoes were also excluded from partaking in the Assembly due to their lack of civil and political rights within the colony. Due to their newly found power the Grand Blancs had begun disregarding the authority of the Metropolitan whites and the National Assembly in France.Because of this the Royalist and Petite Blancs and to some extent the Mulattoes untied to crush the revolt of the planters as they preferred the Colonial ties with France and obedience to the Nat ional Assembly. Due to the defeat of their cause the Grand Blancs then turned their fury upon the Affranchise of the colony because of their role aiding the suppression of their revolt. The Revolt of the Affranchise Because of the occurrences of violence by the Grand Blancs against Mulattoes; questions concerning their civil rights and social equality were brought to the attention of the National Assembly.As such there was an attempt made to pacify the Mulattoes in the colony by allowing them equality with the Whites in the Militia. Thus in 1790 a decree was passed by the National Assembly granting voting rights and the right to hold office to all Mulatto ‘persons’ owning property over the age of twenty five who met the income requirements stipulated. However, the decision to ensure the rights of these ‘persons’ was left within the hands of the Grand Blancs who hated Mulattoes and refused to give them the right to vote.Because of this the Mulattoes were for ced to appeal to the Governor complaining that their rights were not being secured. The leader of the Mulattoes, Vincent Oge? threatened to use force if their demands were not met. Thus they encountered violent opposition from the colonial whites which eventually caused the movement to escalate into an armed revolt. Unfortunately the revolt was violently suppressed and leaders executed; however, as a result of the revolt a proposal was put forward by the Colonial Assembly that granted political rights to those born of legally free parents. The Revolt of the Slaves in 1791Figure 3. The revolt of the slaves The question of slavery in France was one of a complicated nature due to the fact that French commerce greatly depended on the production of their colonies which was facilitated by slavery. Thus revolution and resistance in St. Domingue became possible when slavery was challenged in France by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The colony was under the instruction of French laws yet these rights did not relate to the blacks. To the National Assembly the exploitation of slaves was a profitable business as such they had no intention of granting them freedom.The news of the French Revolution and its triad, ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ was dispersed throughout the colony and slave population via ships and their sailors as well as French revolutionaries who believed in the equality of all. The sailors spoke in excitement to blacks unloading and loading cargo into the ships of the events taking place in France. Upon hearing this, the slaves then realized that they had witnessed similar events that had occurred in the colony to what was happening in France in the name of liberty and equality.The Grand Blancs revolt against the Bureaucracy and in 1790 the revolt of the Mulattoes to the Grand Blancs. Thus upon hearing of the success of the French bourgeoisie the slaves took it as an example which would enable them to gain freedom from their masters. The first sign of unrest within the slaves occurred when they believed that their masters were withholding three free days that the King himself had given them. The first attempt of slaves to gain their free days originated in Port-Salut in the South province.Because the masters refused to comply, the slaves were forced to engage in a conspiracy which was aimed at ensuring their masters granting the rights the King had given them. The conspiracy was however discovered and ringleaders arrested. These occurrences signaled the beginning of the revolutionary struggle of the slaves in the South Province. The slaves of the North were also greatly affected by the occurrences in the South and thus prepared a massive revolt. Simultaneously slave gatherings in the West also appeared similar to the ones in Port-Salut.After a religious ceremony headed by voodoo priest Boukman the revolt aimed at liberty for the slaves began in the North Plain District of Acul in 1791.B I B L I O G R A P H Y Books Bayan, Patrick. ‘The Haitian Revolution and its Effects. ’ Heingmann. 1998 Brians, Paul. ‘Reading about the World: Volume 2’. American Heritage Custom Publishing. 1998 Censer, Jack and Hunt, Lynn. ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution’. American Social History Production Inc. 2001 Gasper, David B. and Geggus, David P. A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean’. Indiana University Press. 1997 Greenwood, Robert and Hamber, Shirley. ‘Emancipation to Emigration’ Macmillan Publishers Limited. 2003 James, C. L. R. ‘The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Overture and the San Domingo Revolution’. Random House Inc. 1963 Websites Bromley, Jason. ‘Resistance and the Haitian Revolution’. scholar. library. miami. edu. 2008 Chavis, Jason. ‘The Estate-General of 1789: Foundation of the French Revolution’ french-history. suite. 101. com 2009

El Greco

Artist: El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos)Date: 1541-1614. The painting was done in 1609Scale: 47 3/4 x 42 3/4 (approx. 4ft. x 4ft.) El Greco was a Spanish Mannerist painter of the late Renaissance, whose work,represents the Acme of Spanish art. El Grecos View of Toledo, almost seems to anticipate the Impressionists of the1800s. The rich tones of violet, azure, and emerald green do not translate well, here-butthey are remarkable for the era. Also, the stylized landscape departs dramatically from theexciting requirements of realistic depictions of nature, even in the romantic genre of thepastoral. Perhaps this painting and its almost psychedelic hues takes a cue fromMichaelangelos Chapel ceiling, which, when it was recently restored, used similar and The view is the only independent landscape by the artist that survives. He hasimaginatively reconfigured the city, showing the cathedral not in its actual position in the This is a painting of the View of Toledo (the city). This is an example of alandscape painting (showing no figures in it). It was only about 4ft. x 4ft. and it was notone of the larger paintings that were in the room. I would have to say that its function was El Greco glorifying the place where helived (Toledo). He pretty much painted things just as he saw it. I also think that El Grecowas more of a religious painter. He observed (studied) the city of Toledo. As for the expressive content, I used the Feldham critique-which is the highestlevel of critique. In looking at this painting,; I saw clouds, buildings, trees, grass, water,hills, bridges, and colors. The buildings were not as long as El Greco painted them. Hehad poor vision and he could not see well, so therefore he had elongated them more thenthey really were. This is also a very dark painting and there kind of

Free Essays on Byte Products

Byte Product, Inc Executive Summary Byte Products, Inc is a company that produces electronic components that are used in personal computers. They are the leaders in their industry with 32% of the market share. Over the past several years their total sales are approximately $265 million. Now many new firms are coming into the market foreign and domestic. More companies in the industry means more demand, competition, and productivity. Byte Products, Inc is pleased that the market is growing. Unfortunate, Byte Product, Inc only has three manufacturing facilities running 24 hours 7 days a week. Now since there is a huge demand for their product they can not keep up with three manufacturing facilities. If they can not keep up with their demand then their customers will go else where. The only way Byte can keep up with their demand is to move or build another manufacturing facility. The long term solution is to build a state of the art manufacturing facility in the southwest of the United States. State of the art building is a great idea, but it will take three years to build and by then the company is out of the race and gone. The short term solution is to move into an old manufacturing facility that use to produce electronic components. The factory has been closed for eight years and it is in a small town called Plainville. Analysis Ten of the board members thought moving into the manufacturing facility in Plainville was a good idea. One of the board members that hardly ever speaks out said no about this short term solution. There were other solutions before the idea of moving into the Plainville facility. For example, licensing Byte’s product and process technology to other manufacturers in the short run to meet immediate demand was possible. The licensing world be short term or just until the new plant is done. The problem to this solution was no... Free Essays on Byte Products Free Essays on Byte Products Byte Product, Inc Executive Summary Byte Products, Inc is a company that produces electronic components that are used in personal computers. They are the leaders in their industry with 32% of the market share. Over the past several years their total sales are approximately $265 million. Now many new firms are coming into the market foreign and domestic. More companies in the industry means more demand, competition, and productivity. Byte Products, Inc is pleased that the market is growing. Unfortunate, Byte Product, Inc only has three manufacturing facilities running 24 hours 7 days a week. Now since there is a huge demand for their product they can not keep up with three manufacturing facilities. If they can not keep up with their demand then their customers will go else where. The only way Byte can keep up with their demand is to move or build another manufacturing facility. The long term solution is to build a state of the art manufacturing facility in the southwest of the United States. State of the art building is a great idea, but it will take three years to build and by then the company is out of the race and gone. The short term solution is to move into an old manufacturing facility that use to produce electronic components. The factory has been closed for eight years and it is in a small town called Plainville. Analysis Ten of the board members thought moving into the manufacturing facility in Plainville was a good idea. One of the board members that hardly ever speaks out said no about this short term solution. There were other solutions before the idea of moving into the Plainville facility. For example, licensing Byte’s product and process technology to other manufacturers in the short run to meet immediate demand was possible. The licensing world be short term or just until the new plant is done. The problem to this solution was no...

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are Essay

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are specific to a particular time and place and cannot be generalized disscuss - Essay Example But in Scale and Scope the essential thesis is that between the 1850s and the 1880s the transportation and communications networks established the technological and organizational base for the exploitation Ð ¾f economies Ð ¾f scale and scope in the processes Ð ¾f production and distribution. (p. 58) The entrepreneurial response in distribution preceded that in production because innovation in distribution was primarily organizational, not technological. The reasons for the decline Ð ¾f commission agents and the growth Ð ¾f full line, full service wholesalers and mass retailers is not entirely clear from Chandlers analysis.[1] Many Ð ¾f the names Ð ¾f the mass retailers that emerged after the Civil War are still familiar today and include Macys, Lord & Taylor, Strawbridge & Clothier, John Wanamaker, Marshall Field, and Emporium. Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck came to dominate the rural market, relying heavily on mail-order operations. These houses built administrative systems to handle more transactions in a day than most traditional merchants could handle in a lifetime. The laying down Ð ¾f railroad and telegraph systems precipitated a wave Ð ¾f industrial innovation in Western Europe and the United States far more wide ranging than that which had occurred in Britain at the end Ð ¾f the eighteenth century. This wave has been properly termed by historians the Second Industrial Revolution. . . (p. 62) and involved systemic innovations in oil refining, steel, machinery, glass, artificial dyes, fibres, fertilizers, and food processing. But for the potential Ð ¾f these innovations to be realized, entrepreneurs had to make the three pronged investment. [2] In industries where only one or two pioneering enterprises made the three pronged investment, these enterprises quickly dominated the market. More Ð ¾ften, however, the modern industrial enterprise in the United States appeared after merger or acquisition (p.

To what degree were the roaring 20s a time of optimism in canada Essay - 1

To what degree were the roaring 20s a time of optimism in canada - Essay Example In the 1920s, the media improved significantly as they focused more on heroes, majorly in sports and movie stars. Cities during this time grew to a greater extent, especially construction of massive stadia and cinemas. During this era, in most countries, women won their voting rights and started voting (Schumpeter, 3). In this context, countries which allowed women to vote included Britain and Canada. Actually, Canada is a country that was greatly affected by the Roaring 20s. There were major changes in the way of life of the Canadians. This paper will discuss  on  how the Roaring 20s was  a time of optimism in Canada. In forming the conclusion,  statistical analysis was conducted in respect to the topic of discussion. After the First World War,  most people  were  ready to start  a new life. Though jobs were readily available, most of the soldiers returning from the battlefields created a surplus of workers. During the early 1920s, there was a 15% unemployment rate in Canada (Schumpeter, 5). However, in the mid-twenties, things changed. There were a tremendous rise and increase in the foreign demand for Canadian raw materials. Moreover, the United States demand for traditional resources in Canada increased. Foreign demands included the demand for timber, base metals, pulp and wheat. Moreover, the market for local raw materials increased (Smith, 16). The market boom created hope and optimism for many Canadians. The increase in demand would automatically lead to a corresponding increase in supply. As a result, the improved demand and supply of goods led to a situation where most individuals were absorbed as workers in industries. Prairie farmers whose market had earlier on collapsed saw an improvement in their markets. Technically, the Canadian economy was booming, and there was hope for a better future (Moore, 10). Specifically,